### Secondary energy

#### Indicators

Secondary energy use Sectoral secondary energy use Sectoral secondary energy use per capita | Secondary energy use per capita Market share of secondary energy carriers Price of secondary energy carriers

Secondary energy is defined as the amount of energy consumed by the end-user and does not include the energy lost in the production and delivery of energy products. Neither does it include the use of feedstocks and non-energy use. This definition of secondary energy use is almost equal to 'Total Final Consumption' as defined by the International Energy Agency, except for the fact that the latter term does include feedstocks and non-energy use.

The indicators included in "secondary energy" follow the break-up in energy carriers used within the demand submodel of TIMER: solid fuels (i.e. coal), heavy liquid fuels (only those based on fossil fuels) (HLF), light liquid fuels (only those based on fossil fuels) (LLF), gaseous fuels (only those based on fossil fuels), modern biofuels, traditional fuels (wood, straw, dung, charcoal etc.), electricity and secondary heat. The definition of these energy carriers corresponds to those used by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Solid fuel consists of all types of coal (steam, coking) excluding feedstocks. Liquid fuels are divided into two categories: light liquid fuels (LLF) include all fuels that have an energy content higher than gas/diesel oil (i.e. 1.035 ton oil equivalent per ton) and heavy liquid fuels (HLF) are those that have an energy content equal to/or lower than gas/diesel oil (i.e. 1.035 ton oil equivalent per ton). The category modern biomass includes both modern biomass used as liquid and gaseous fuels. Feedstocks are excluded.

| #### Secondary energy use
| unit: PJ/yr (Petajoule per year) dimension: region, secondary energy carrier

Secondary energy use shows the total demand for secondary energy in each region. Secondary energy use is equal to the amount of energy consumed by the end-user and does not include the energy lost in the production, processing and delivery of energy carriers. Neither does it include the use of feedstocks and non-energy use.

In the TIMER model the demand for secondary energy is derived from the demand for energy services multiplied by time-dependent conversion efficiencies. Unless potential investments are constrained or there are delays in actual investments, the demand for final energy is fully satisfied and thus equals its use. A description of the energy cariers is given under the information for the total box of secondary energy indicators.

| #### Sectoral secondary energy use
| unit: PJ/yr (Petajoule per year) dimension: region, secondary energy carrier, sector

Sectoral secondary energy use or final energy use presents the use of secondary energy carriers for each region (i.e., for all five sectors industry, transport, residential, commercial and other). Secondary energy use is equal to the amount of energy consumed by the end-user and does not include the energy lost in the production, processing and delivery of energy carriers. Neither does it include the use of feedstocks and non-energy use.

In the TIMER model, the demand for secondary energy is derived from the demand for energy services multiplied by time-dependent conversion efficiencies. Unless potential investments are constrained or there are delays in actual investments, the demand for final energy is fully satisfied and thus equals its use. A description of the energy cariers is given under the information for the total box of secondary energy indicators.

| #### Sectoral secondary energy use per capita
| unit: GJ/yr (Gigajoule per year) dimension: region, sector

Sectoral secondary energy use divided by population (see further the main description of secondary energy indicators).

| #### Secondary energy use per capita
| unit: GJ/yr (Gigajoule per year) dimension: region

Total secondary energy use divided by population (see further the main description of secondary energy indicators).

| #### Market share of secondary energy carriers
| unit: none (fraction, no dimension) dimension: region, secondary energy carrier, sector

The market share of secondary energy carriers shows the fraction of each energy carrier in the total secondary energy use for each region and each sector. This fraction, or market share, is calculated on the basis of relative prices and certain premium factors. These premium factors are used to incorporate factors other than market prices (e.g., consumer preferences and government policies) that also determine market shares. In some cases (mainly historically) markets have been shielded for full competion of the different cariers. In the energy mode, the fuel-substitution dynamics is described by a multinomial logit formulation, according to which the market share of a fuel increases as its relative price falls. If two fuels have the same price, each has a market share of 0.5.

| #### Price of secondary energy carriers
| unit: US$(1995)/GJ (1995-US dollars per Gigajoule) dimension: region, secondary energy carrier

Price of secondary energy carriers shows the secondary fuel and electricity prices in each region. These are the prices paid by the end-use energy users for the secondary energy carriers, including taxes.

The "fuel supply" and "electric power generation" submodels calculate for each year for each region the costs to produce fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), biomass-derived fuels (bio-liquid fuels and bio-gaseous fuels) and electricity. These costs are based on production costs in the region and the import-export flows between regions. The latter makes regional energy supply costs a function of the supply-demand dynamics in the world market. In the "energy demand" submodel the regional energy supply costs are converted into end-use prices for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and electricity. In this conversion, costs of transport and distribution within the region and fuel taxes are included.