### Emissions from industrial production

#### Indicators:

CO2 emissions from industrial processes CH4 emissions from industrial processes N2O emissions from industrial processes SO2 emissions from industrial processes | NOx emissions from industrial processes NMVOC emissions from industrial processes CO emissions from industrial processes

Emissions from industrial sources include the emissions from non-energetic use of fossil fuels (feedstocks) and industrial activities. The historical data for the period 1970-1995 are from the literature. After 1995 the activity levels are related to the end-use energy consumption in the industry sector as simulated by TIMER, except for the cement production which is indexed to population growth.

| #### CO2 emissions from industrial processes
| unit: Pg C/yr (Petagram of C per year) dimension: region, industrial sector

There are two sources of CO2 emissions in the industry sector: cement production and feedstocks (non-energetic use of fossil fuels). These emissions contribute a minor part of the total anthropogenic emissions (cement production: about 2-3% in 1990) and feedstocks (about 3-5 % in 1990).

CO2 emissions from industrial processes, together with CO2 emissions from other sources, are used to calculate the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and the resulting radiative forcing in the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS).

| #### CH4 emissions from industrial processes
| unit: Tg CH4/yr (Teragram of CH4 per year) dimension: region, industrial sector

The industry-related CH4 emissions are dominated by the iron and steel production, but this is still a minor part of the total anthropogenic emissions (less than 0.5% in 1990). Another industrial source, chemical production, is negligible source (less than 0.05% of total anthropogenic emissions in 1990).

The methane emissions from industrial processes are used in the atmospheric chemistry model (ACM) of the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS) to derive atmospheric concentrations.

| #### N2O emissions from industrial processes
| unit: Tg N/yr (Teragram Nitrogen per year) dimension: region, industrial sector

The industrial processes causing N2O emissions are nitric acid and adipic acid production. These emissions form about 15% of the total 1990 anthropogenic N2O emissions, and are even a factor 2-3 higher than the N2O emissions from fossil fuel combustion. The key driver for the nitric acid production is the demand for fertilizers. Furthermore, emissions from nitric acid production depend on technological improvements in the production, i.e. the implementation of the Non-Selective Catatalyst reduction of NOx (NCSR) in the production process. For the future scenarios, different specific assumption for the fraction of NCSR have been implemented (see scenario assumptions).

Adipic acid is a feedstock for nylon, and future N2O emissions related to its production follow exogenous emission scenarios from IPCC SRES (Fenhann, 1999).

Nitrous oxide emissions are used in the atmospheric chemistry model (ACM) of the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS) to derive the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases.

| #### SO2 emissions from industrial processes
| unit: Tg S/yr (Teragram of S per year ) dimension: region, industrial sector

The industrial processes-related sulphur emissions come from the production of cement, iron and steel, copper, lead and zinc and chemicals, and contribute about 20% of the overall anthropogenic SO2 emissions. Almost 50% of these industrial emissions stem from the copper production. For all these sources abatement technologies have been implemented to reduce the emissions reductions are implemented (see scenario assumptions).

SO2 emissions are used in the atmospheric chemistry model (ACM) of the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS), where they form sulphate aerosols that reflect sunlight and therefore have a cooling effect on climate. Due to their relative short lifetime, this effect is strongly related to those areas where the emissions occur (i.e. the Northern Hemisphere).

| #### NOx emissions from industrial processes
| unit:Tg N/yr (Teragram of N per year) dimension: region, industrial sector

The NOx emissions from industrial sources primarily result from cement production, but also iron and steel and chemical (ammonia) production. These industrial sources account for about 10% of the overall (1990) anthropogenic emissions. For future scenarios specific assumptions have been made on the development of the emissions factors and abatement of emissions (see scenario assumptions).

NOx emissions are used in the atmospheric chemistry model (ACM) of the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS) as input variables to parameterize the impact on OH and tropospheric ozone concentrations. Both species are important in atmospheric removal processes of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC).

| #### NMVOC emissions from industrial processes
| unit: Tg NMVOC/yr (Teragram of NMVOC per year) dimension: region, industrial sector

The industrial processes-related emissions of NMVOC come from the production of solvents and iron and steel, contributing about 15-20% of the total anthropogenic emissions in 1990. Another source, miscellaneous industry, has not been implemented here.

NMVOC emissions are used in the atmospheric chemistry model ACM) of the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS) where they play a role in the atmospheric concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), through which the concentrations of methane and tropospheric ozone are influenced

| #### CO emissions from industrial processes
| unit: Tg C/yr (Teragram of C per year) dimension: region, industrial sector

The dominant source of industry-related CO emissions come from the iron and steel production (about 85% of total anthropogenic emissions in 1990), but also from paper production (about 15%). The industrial emissions still form a minor source of the total anthropogenic emssions (less than 5%).

CO emissions are used in the atmospheric chemistry model ACM) of the atmosphere-ocean system (AOS) to derive atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases.